Networking

From how the internet works to designing production-grade cloud networks. Master protocols, DNS, load balancing, and troubleshooting.

Internet & IP Addressing

What the internet is, how IP addressing works (IPv4/IPv6), and subnetting with CIDR notation.

How MAC addresses work at the data link layer, and how data is broken into packets for transmission.

How port numbers route traffic to the right application, and how DNS translates domain names to IPs.

The OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP 4-layer model — how data flows through the network stack.

UDP and TCP — the two main transport layer protocols, their features, and when to use each.

Application-layer protocols — HTTP/HTTPS for the web, TLS for encryption, and SSH for secure remote access.

Network Address Translation, dynamic IP assignment with DHCP, and firewalls including cloud security groups.

How load balancers distribute traffic across servers, and how reverse proxies handle SSL, caching, and routing.

Essential network debugging commands — ping, traceroute, dig, curl, ss, tcpdump, iptables, and more.